The horse-eye jack is classified under the genus Caranx, which is part of the larger Carangidae family in the order Carangiformes. This species was first scientifically described in 1831 by the renowned Swiss naturalist, Louis Agassiz. Agassiz, along with German biologist Johann Baptist von Spix, introduced the horse-eye jack in their publication, "Selecta Genera et Species Piscium Brasiliensium." The specific epithet "latus" refers to the broad nature of this fish and also alludes to the flank of an animal.
The horse-eye jack is a substantial fish that can reach impressive lengths, with the maximum recorded size being 101 cm and a weight of 13.4 kg. However, it is more commonly found at lengths below 60 cm. This species shares a body form resembling other large jacks within its range, characterized by a moderately compressed elongate and deep body.
One distinguishing feature of the horse-eye jack is its large eyes, which are proportionally significant in relation to its head. These eyes are protected by a well-developed adipose eyelid. Unlike the crevalle jack, the horse-eye jack possesses a less blunt forehead. The dorsal fin of the horse-eye jack is divided into two parts: the first part consists of eight spines, while the second part comprises one spine followed by 19 to 22 soft rays. The anal fin consists of two anteriorly detached spines, followed by one spine and 16 to 18 soft rays.
The horse-eye jack is commonly found in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean, ranging from Bermuda and the northern Gulf of Mexico, all the way down to Rio de Janeiro. In the eastern Atlantic, it can be spotted from St. Paul's Rocks to Ascension Island, occasionally venturing into the Gulf of Guinea. This pelagic species can be encountered near reefs and offshore oil rigs. The juvenile horse-eye jack tends to inhabit shallower waters, particularly along sandy and muddy bottoms. While it can tolerate brackish waters and even river mouths, it is predominantly found in saltwater environments at depths up to 140 m.
The horse-eye jack exhibits both fascinating and cautious behavior when encountering humans. While it typically maintains a slow retreat as scuba divers approach, it has been observed that schools of horse-eye jack occasionally gather around divers, seemingly attracted to the bubbles exhaled by the divers.
The horse-eye jack holds significant importance in both commercial and recreational fisheries throughout its range. Anglers are particularly drawn to this species as it provides an exciting game fish opportunity. It is also utilized as bait for larger game fish species such as Atlantic Sailfish, Blue Marlin, Tarpon, and Snook.
Regarding the current International Game Fish Association (IGFA) All Tackle World Record, Terry Lee Ramsey holds the record with a 32 lbs (14.51 kg) horse-eye jack caught in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas, USA. Previous world records have originated from Ascension Island, UK; Miami, Florida, USA; Cancun, Mexico; Miami Beach, Florida, USA; and Plantagenet Bank, Bermuda.
It is essential to exercise caution when consuming horse-eye jack due to its potential to carry the ciguatera toxin. This toxin can cause severe health issues if ingested. The horse-eye jack contains two potent toxins, C-CTX-1 and C-CTX-2, with LD50 values of 3.6 μg/kg and 1 μg/kg, respectively. Therefore, it is advisable to be vigilant and consider the potential risks associated with consuming this species.
In conclusion, the horse-eye jack (Caranx latus) is a remarkable fish species that combines the qualities of an exciting game fish and a minor commercial fish. Its unique physical features, widespread distribution, and interaction with humans make it a captivating subject for anglers, divers, and marine enthusiasts alike. However, it is crucial to approach the consumption of this species with caution due to its association with the ciguatera toxin. By exploring the comprehensive information provided in this article, you have gained valuable insights into the world of the horse-eye jack, which will undoubtedly enhance your appreciation for this remarkable fish.