The red drum exhibits unique characteristics that set it apart from other fish species. These game fish are known for their vibrant dark red color on the back, gradually fading to white on the belly. One of the most distinguishing features of the red drum is the presence of a large black spot on the upper part of the tail base. Although it is uncommon, some red drum may have multiple spots, while rare individuals may have none at all. Scientists believe that this spot serves as a deceptive mechanism, diverting predator attacks towards the tail rather than the vital parts of the fish.
Additionally, red drum possess a streamlined body shape, which contributes to their agility in the water. At three years old, red drum typically weigh between 6 and 8 pounds. However, these fish can grow significantly larger, with the current record catch weighing over 94 pounds. Male red drum produce a distinct knocking or drumming sound during spawning by vibrating their swim bladders.
The red drum inhabits various regions along the eastern and southern Atlantic coasts of the United States, ranging from Massachusetts to Florida. They are also found in the Gulf of Mexico, extending from Florida to northern Mexico. These game fish are highly prized in the Gulf of Mexico and are a favorite target for anglers. Red drum have become a global phenomenon, with aquaculture activities involving them taking place worldwide. In recent times, several red drum escapees from aquaculture farms have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea off Israel and Sicily.
Mature red drum engage in spawning activities near shorelines from mid-August to mid-October. Female red drum lay an impressive number of eggs, with each batch containing around 1.5 million eggs. These eggs have an incubation period of approximately 24 hours. In their early stages, young red drum undergo rapid growth, with daily increases in length of about 0.6 millimeters. After the first year, they can reach lengths of 271 to 383 millimeters.
Red drum reach maturity between 3 and 5 years of age. Male red drum attract females during spawning by producing drumming sounds through muscular contractions that vibrate their swim bladders. Larval red drum utilize vertical migrations to ride high salinity tidal currents into tidal creeks and shallow salt marsh nursery habitats.
Red drum possess a moderate flavor and are not excessively oily. Cleaning larger red drum can be challenging due to their large scales. Some anglers prefer using an electric knife to fillet these fish, starting from the backbone and then separating the fillet from the skin and scales. It is worth noting that larger red drum, typically over 15 pounds, can become tough and have a texture resembling chicken rather than the flaky texture of many other fish species. Younger red drum are often indistinguishable in flavor from black drum, which are closely related.
Red drum hold great economic and recreational value. In the past, commercial fishermen accounted for approximately 28% of the redfish catch, while sport fishermen harvested the remaining 72%. However, catch limits and size restrictions have been implemented to support sustainable red drum populations, leading to an increase in the average weight of redfish caught in Louisiana coastal waters.
The significance of red drum in recreational fishing has prompted states to establish various regulations to maintain their population. For instance, Executive Order 13449, issued by President George W. Bush, designated red drum as a protected game fish, prohibiting their sale in U.S. federal waters. The order also encouraged states to consider similar designations within their own waters.
While commercial netting has ceased due to regulations, recreational fishing for red drum remains popular. These fish are cherished for their fight and the delectable table fare they provide. Additionally, farm-raised redfish continue to be available as a commercial product, ensuring a steady supply for seafood enthusiasts.
The red drum holds a special place in the hearts of many coastal communities. In recognition of its importance, several states have designated the red drum as an official symbol. The North Carolina General Assembly designated it as the official state saltwater fish, and the Texas Legislature followed suit in 2011, declaring the red drum as the official "State Saltwater Fish of Texas." These acknowledgments reflect the cultural and ecological significance of the red drum in these regions.