The Shorthead Redhorse has historically thrived in various regions across North America. Its native range includes the basins of the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, Mississippi River, and Saint Lawrence River. From Quebec to Alberta, and as far south as northern Alabama and Oklahoma, the Shorthead Redhorse has established its presence. Additionally, the species initially occupied the Atlantic Slope drainages, stretching from the Hudson River in New York to the Santee River in South Carolina.
Over time, the construction of dams by the Tennessee Valley Authority has led to changes in the distribution of various fish species. However, the Shorthead Redhorse has demonstrated remarkable adaptability. Unlike other related redhorse species, the Shorthead Redhorse is a habitat generalist near the core of its range. This adaptability has allowed it to expand its range, including tidal zones in the Hudson River and the Embarras River system in Illinois.
Shorthead Redhorse exhibit a wide habitat range, inhabiting freshwater environments such as streams, lakes, and rivers. These fish display a preference for clear to cloudy water and are commonly found in areas with loose substrates like gravel and sand. They are benthic feeders, actively seeking food in riffles and rifle margins. Studies have revealed that Shorthead Redhorse consume a diverse range of invertebrate taxa, with insects comprising a significant portion of their diet. They also feed on microcrustacea and plant matter, demonstrating their versatility in food sources.
Predation on Shorthead Redhorse varies with size. Juveniles are susceptible to predation by northern pike, walleyes, and smallmouth bass, while adult or larger Shorthead Redhorse become prey for northern pike and muskellunge. Due to their broad range of prey and their position as primary consumers in the ecosystem, Shorthead Redhorse face limited competition for food.
The spawning season for Shorthead Redhorse typically spans from March to June, contingent upon the geographical location. To initiate spawning, water temperatures ranging between 7 and 16 °C (45 and 61 °F) are necessary. These fish spawn once a year and exhibit localized migration, traveling either upstream or downstream to reach their preferred spawning grounds. Commonly, spawning occurs in shallows at the edges of sandbars or in riffles with gravel substrates. Female Shorthead Redhorse can produce anywhere from 18,000 to 44,000 eggs during the spawning process.
The time it takes for Shorthead Redhorse to reach sexual maturity varies between 2 to 6 years, with growth rates influenced by water temperature. In cooler northern regions, where water temperatures are lower, Shorthead Redhorse tend to have slower growth rates. On the other hand, in warmer southern areas like the Kankakee River, the average maximum age is limited to six to seven years. The size of adult Shorthead Redhorse typically ranges from 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm) in length and weighs around 2 to 3 pounds (0.91 to 1.36 kg). However, exceptional individuals can reach lengths of up to 25 inches (64 cm) and weigh up to 6 pounds (2.7 kg).
As of now, the Shorthead Redhorse is not considered an endangered or threatened species, and it maintains one of the largest ranges among suckers. While no specific management plan exists for the Shorthead Redhorse, its abundance across its range suggests a stable population.
The Shorthead Redhorse has a noteworthy relationship with humans, both as a game fish and as an essential component of the ecosystem. Anglers value the Shorthead Redhorse for its appeal as a game fish, despite its smaller size. However, the presence of numerous little bones throughout its meat can be unappealing to many consumers. Additionally, the rapid spoilage of Shorthead Redhorse meat in warm temperatures poses challenges for transportation.
In the ecosystem, Shorthead Redhorse serve as prey for larger game fish, playing a vital role in the food web. When caught at a young age, they are often used as bait. Unfortunately, human activities have impacted the population of Shorthead Redhorse. The construction of dams has disrupted their spawning migration routes, while chemical contamination of their habitat poses a significant threat. Shorthead Redhorse, being benthic feeders, are susceptible to pollutants that settle onto the bottom, leading to bioaccumulation of harmful chemicals.