Although often mistaken for a true perch, the white perch belongs to the temperate bass family, Moronidae. This fish holds great significance as both a food source and a game fish in eastern North America. While it is commonly referred to as "Silver Bass," it is important to note that this name can vary in different regions. The distinguishing characteristics of the white perch make it an intriguing subject for anglers, scientists, and nature enthusiasts alike.
The white perch earns its name from its silvery-white coloration. However, it's worth mentioning that the appearance can vary based on habitat and size. Larger specimens may develop a darker shade near the dorsal fin and along the top of the fish, leading to the nickname "black-back." White perch can grow up to an impressive length of 49.5 cm (19.5 in) and weigh around 2.2 kg (4.9 lb).
These remarkable fish are known to inhabit various environments. While they favor brackish waters, they can also be found in fresh water and coastal areas. Their range extends from the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, south to the Pee Dee River in South Carolina, and as far east as Nova Scotia. White perch can be spotted in the lower Great Lakes, Finger Lakes, Long Island Sound, Hudson and Mohawk River system, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and even occasionally in small land-locked lakes and ponds. Their adaptability to diverse ecosystems is truly remarkable.
The white perch offers not only visual appeal but also culinary delight. When cooked, its meat turns white and flaky, presenting a delectable treat for seafood enthusiasts. The raw meat, though slightly pinkish in hue, transforms into a mouthwatering delicacy that captivates the taste buds. However, it's important to be aware of a potential parasite, Lironeca ovalis, which can be found in the gills of white perch. While the presence of this parasite may affect their growth rate, it does not diminish the overall appeal and taste of their flesh.
White perch exhibit interesting dietary preferences. They are known to consume the eggs of various species native to the Great Lakes, including walleye and other true perches. In fact, fish eggs can account for 100% of their diet in certain instances. Additionally, white perch have a particular affinity for small minnows such as mud minnows and fathead minnows. In the Chesapeake Bay region, they commonly prey upon grass shrimp, razor clams, and bloodworms, showcasing their adaptability and versatility in finding sustenance.
White perch are highly prolific when it comes to reproduction. During a spawning session that lasts just over a week, a female white perch can deposit over 150,000 eggs. It's worth noting that several males often accompany a spawning female, each fertilizing a portion of her eggs. Within a period of one to six days, the young white perch hatch from the fertilized eggs, embarking on their journey in the aquatic realm.
The white perch population in the Hudson River faced a significant decline in the past. However, efforts are underway to restore and conserve their numbers. Conservation initiatives have become instrumental in safeguarding this remarkable species, ensuring their continued presence and ecological balance.
In certain regions, the white perch is considered an aquatic nuisance species. This designation arises from their ability to disrupt fisheries by preying heavily on baitfish required by other species, such as walleye and white bass. The white perch's competitive behavior for food and space can impact the populations of these native species. Consequently, many states have enacted laws prohibiting the possession of live white perch. Additionally, it is recommended not to release captured white perch back into the water, as this helps control their spread and maintain the equilibrium of local ecosystems.